| A | B |
|---|
| What is transformation? | A process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene from another strain of bacteria |
| What did Avery and the other scientist discover about transformation and DNA? | The nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation to the next |
| What is a bacteriophage? | A virus that infects bacteria which means bacteria eater |
| What are bacteriophages made of? | DNA or RNA core and a protein coat |
| Name three things that genes do. | Carry information from one generation to the next, put that information to work by determining heritable characteristics of organisms, had to be easily copied |
| What are nucleotides? | Units that make up the DNA with a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base |
| What is deoxyribose? | A 5 carbon sugar that is a part of DNA |
| What is deoxyribose? | A 5 carbon sugar that is a part of DNA |
| What did Watson and Crick’s model of DNA look like? | A double helix in which two strands were wound around each other |
| What is base pairing? | Principle that says bonds in DNA can only form between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
| DNA is a long molecule made of units called what? | Nucleotides |
| Name the bases in DNA | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| Name the purines. | Adenine and guanine |
| Name the pyrimidines. | Cytosine and thymine |
| How many rings do purines have? | two |
| How many rings do pyrimidines have? | one |
| What is the backbone of the DNA made of? | Sugar and phosphate |
| What is Chargaff’s rule? | A=T and G=C |
| What is chromatin? | DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones |
| What is each DNA-histone complex called? | Nucleosome |
| What is replication? | The process where the DNA duplicates or copies itself |
| What is the name of the principle enzyme involved in DNA replication? | DNA polymerase |
| What are genes? | Coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell |
| How is RNA different from DNA | It has ribose, not deoxyribose, it has a single strand not double strand, it has uracil not thymine |
| What is the main job of RNA molecules? | Protein synthesis |
| What are the three main types of RNA? | Messenger, transfer, ribosomal |
| What does mRNA do? | A molecule that carries copies of instructions for assembling amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell. |
| What is rRNA? | A molecule that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
| What is tRNA? | A molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| What are ribosomes made of? | RNA and protein |
| What is transcription? | Process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
| Name the part of the RNA that is cut out of the molecule. | Intron |
| Name the DNA sequence that codes for proteins. | Exons |
| How are proteins made? | By joining amino acids into long chains called peptides. |
| What is a codon? | A three letter coded message that consists of nucleotides |
| How many stop codons are there? | Three |
| What happens during translation? | The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins. |
| How does the mRNA get out of the nucleus? | It goes through the envelope pores |
| What are anticodons? | Bases that are complementary to one mRNA codon |
| What are the steps or rungs of the DNA ladder held together by? | Hydrogen bonds |
| What is a mutation? | Changes in genetic material |
| What is a point mutation? | Changes in one or a few nucleotides |
| Of all the mutations, which is the most damaging to a cell. | Frameshifts because they change every amino acid that follow the point of mutation |
| Name the chromosomal mutations of a gene. | Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation |
| What is polyploidy? | When an organism has an extra set of chromosomes. |
| What is differentiation? | Cells becoming specialized in structure and function |
| Which genes control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo? | Hox genes |
| What would happen if the hox genes mutated? | The development of the organs could change so completely that body parts would grow in the wrong places |
