| A | B |
|---|
| alliance system | a formal defense agreement between 2 or more nations |
| anarchy | absence of any form of political authority |
| anthropologist | scientist who studies past human civilizations |
| apartheid | policy of strict racial separation and discrimination in S. Africa |
| appeasement | the granting of concessions to another country to maintain peace |
| arbitration | the settling of a dispute by following the guidelines of an impartial person |
| archaeologist | scientist who studies the life and culture of ancient living sites |
| archipelago | a group of islands |
| armistice | a mutual agreement to end a war; truce |
| balance of power | a distribution of power so that no 1 nation is able to dominate other nations |
| balance of trade | the difference in value between the nation's exports and imports |
| blitzkrieg | a swift, sudden Nazi offensive for the purpose of a speedy victory |
| budget deficit | a debt caused when a country spends more $ than it earns |
| bureaucracy | in ancient Egypt, a group of government officials to whom the king gave many responsibilities |
| capital | $ to invest in the labor, machines, raw materials needed for industry |
| cartel | association of businesses formed to establish an international monopoly |
| cash-and-carry policy | program in which G.B. traded cash for needed supplies from US during WW2 and transported them across the Atlantic in own ships |
| chivalry | code of honor for ideal knight |
| chronicle | oral or written chronological account |
| circumnavigation | sailing completely around the globe |
| civil disobedience | nonviolent opposition to an unjust law by refusing to comply with it |
| civilization | highly organized society marked by knowledge of written language, arts, etc. |
| coalition | alliance of political factions to form 1 gov. |
| cold war | political tension after WW2 between the US and Soviet Union |
| collective bargaining | negotiations between workers representatives and employers to determine wages, hours, etc. |
| convoy | ships traveling in a group surrounded by warships |
| corporation | a company owned by many stockholders who buy shares and share in profits/losses |
| coup d'etat | sudden overthrow of a gov. by ppl in authority |
| covenant | solemn agreement |
| cultural differentiation | development of unique building styles, arts, customs based on geography and nat. resources |
| culture | ideas, customs, skills, etc. of a given ppl at a given time |
| democracy | gov. by the ppl |
| depression | drastic decline in an economy, w/ decreasing business activity, falling prices |
| developed country | nation w/ high level of industrialization |
| developing country | poor, agricultural nation w/ low gross domestic product |
| detente | lessening of tensions between US and Soviet Union that began in 1792 |
| dictator | ancient Roman magistrate appointed temp. to solve emergency |
| disarmament | limitation, reduction of armed forces/weapons |
| disciple | follower of certain teacher of religious doctrine |
| divine right of kings | doctrine that holds monarchs derive power from God |
| domino theory | belief- if 1 nation becomes communist, nearby nations will also become communist |
| dynasty | succession of rulers who are members of same family |
| exodus | departure of large group of ppl |
| fascism | system of gov. marked by strong social and economic control |
| glasnost | term referring to Soviet policy of openness and freedom of expression |
| guild | medieval association of merchants, artists, craftsworkers |
| intifada | uprising by Palestinians against Israeli occupation |
| iron curtain | political barrier isolating Eastern-bloc country from Western-bloc countries |
| kulak | landowning peasant in USSR who had become well off farmer |
| liberalism | desire to change gov to promote civil liberties, reforms, social progress |
| line of demarcation | imaginary line drawn by pope in 1493, divided unexplored lands betw. Portugal and Spain |
| martyr | person who chooses death over renouncing religious principles |
| mercantilism | policy of Euro. nations in 1600's of wealth, colonies, industry--> power |
| militarism | national policy in which military preparedness-- IMPORTANT |
| mobilization | assembling, transporting military troops for war |
| nationalism | yearning for national independence in country under foreign dominance |
| nation-state | political organization composed of 1 nation w/ 1 group of ppl, "country" |
| natural law | universal law understood by applying reason, proposed in 1600's |
| nirvana | state of complete 1ness w/ universe |
| nonaligned | not taking sides with any other nation, NEUTRAL |
| oligarchy | gov in which small group holds political power |
| pacifist | person opposed to using violence to settle disputes |
| perestroika | means "restructuring" refers to rebuilding of Soviet economy |
| plebeian | member of lower class in ancient Rome |
| pogrom | organized slaughter of minority group |
| polytheism | belief in many gods |
| prime minister | head of cabinet |
| privatization | return of gov owned properties to private owners |
| propaganda | ideas, etc. used to promote cause/ damage opposing cause |
| prophet | religious leader, "speaks" word of God |
| protectionism | imposing tariffs on foreign goods to protect domestic industries |
| protectorate | country protected/partially controlled by another country |
| reactionary | one who opposes progress or liberalism |
| republic | gov. in which power lies w/ the citizens who vote for ppl to represent them |
| sanction | coercive measures taken by several nations against another that is breaking international law |
| satellite country | nation politically dominated by another |
| scorched-earth-policy | Stalin policy in which Soviet citizens destroyed anything useful to Nazi invaders |
| sectionalism | excessive devotion to local political/economic interests w/o regard for interests in other regions |
| self-determination | right of ppl to decide own political status or gov. w/o outside influence |
| socialism | society in which all members share work and products |
| soviet | elected workers' council in USSR |
| sphere of influence | territory in which a foreign power holds exclusive investment/trading rights |
| steppe | immense semiarid grass-covered plain |
| sustainable development | meeting needs of present development w/o compromising ability of future needs |
| theocracy | gov. in which ruler is both religious and political leader |
| trade deficit | economic inbalance when country imports more than exports |
| trench | long narrow ditch from which soldiers fought in WW1 |
| triangular trade | 3 legs of journey traders made betw. Europe, Africa, America's in 1600's |
| blitz | an intensive air raid |
| buffer state | a neutral territory between 2 rival powers |
| collective security | negotiations between nations to take joint action against enemy attack |
| common law | law of country based on custom, usage, and decisions of law courts |
| communism | classless society with equal distribution of economic goods |
| containment | Truman administration policy designed to prevent spread of communism |
| habeas corpus | law that prevents unlawful imprisonment, states person can't be jailed w/o reason or trial |
| polis | city-state of ancient Greece |
| revolution | overthrow of a gov. from within |
| separatism | political movement favoring secession of Quebec from rest of Canada |
| plebiscite | direct vote in which all ppl are allowed to participate |
