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| What does the french world "renaissance" mean ? | "rebirth" |
| Where did the "Renaissance Period" in western Europe begin ? | in the northern city-states of Italy |
| Why were the northern cities of Italy called "city-states ? | because each had it own identity with its own government |
| Name "four" of the most notable city-states of northern Italy. | Florence; Genoa; Milian; Venice |
| For it period, what was unique about the northern "city-states" of Italy ? | they had large "uraban populations (those how lived in the cities" and they had a "powerful merchant" class |
| In which century did the Renaissance Perid begin in northern Italy ? | the 1300's or 14th century |
| What was Giotto di Bondone, who live during the early 1300's, known for doing ? | for painting the first "frescos" |
| What is a "fresco" ? | a "fresco" is a painting on a wall composed of wet plaster |
| Dante, who lived during the early 1300's, most famous writing was what ? | "The Divine Comedy" |
| Dante's "The Devine Comedy" was what ? | "The Devine Comedy" was a poem written in three(3) parts |
| What were the three(3) parts of Dante's "The Devine Comedy" called" ? | The three parts of "The Devine Comedy" are the following: 1) the inferno (hell) 2) Purgatory (which lies between heaven and hell); and, 3) Paradise (heaven) |
| What does "comedy" refer to for Dante and others during the Renaissance Period ? | "comedy" during the Renaissance Period means "a story with a happy ending" |
| What was Dante's inspiration for many of his writings ? | a girl he loved but did not often see - whose name was Beatrice |
| Francesco Petrach, who live during the early 1300's, wrote what that became historically famous ? | Petrarch wrote in Italian poems (sonnets) inspired by a mysterious woman named Laura and in Latin wrote letters to many of his influencial friends |
| How were both Dante and Petrach considered the early forerunners of The Renaissance Period" in northern Italy ? | Dante was considered the "bridge" between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and Petrach was considered to have "crossed that brige" into the Renaissance |
| What do historians consider the "new values" of the Renaissance Period as compared those those of the "Middle Ages" that came before it ? | The new values of the "Renaissance Period" are the following: 1) "Teh Celebration of the Individaul" - mosre emphasis was place on the individual overall becoming more creative and not just an emphasis on the religious aspects of life - the promotion of the arts, writing, sculpture, etc. 2) "The Love of Classical Learning" - the deisire and need to go back and study the culture of the "Classical Period" which were the earlier "Greek" and "Roman" Civilizations 3) "The Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures" - instead of placing all emphasis on the religious aspects of life centering around the Church, an additional emphasis was placed on the material things money could buy such as luxuries, fine music, tasty food, and beautiful surroundings |
| During the "Renaissance Period", where the "ideals" for "men" and "woman" the same | no, they were not the same for "men" and "woman" |
| During the "Renaissance Period", how what were the "ideals" for "men" ? | during the "Renaisssance Period", the "ideals" for "men" were the following: 1) to be well educated in the Greek and Latin (Roman) ancient classics (writings); 2) to be charming, polite, and witty 3) to be able to dance, write poetry, sing, and play music; 4) to be physically graceful (not glumsy), and strong; and, 4) to be a skilled horse rider, wresler, and swordsman |
| During the "Renaissance Period", what were the "ideals" for "women" ? | during the "Renaissance Period" the "ideals" for "women" were the following: 1) to be well educated like men; 2) to know the "Greek" and "Roman" ancient classics (writings); 3) to write well; 4) to paint, to make music, and to dance; and, 5) to be charming |
| During the "Renaissance Period", how did the "ideals" and expectations for "men" and "women" differ - or did they ? | during the "Renaissance Period, the expectations and "ideals" for "men" and women" differed in that women "were NOT expected to seek fame while men were |
| What was the "Renaissance" writer Castiglone's famous book ? | it was "The Courtier" |
| During the "Renaissance Period". Castiflone's book "The Coutier" was well read for what purpose ? | during the "Renaissance Period", Castiglone's book "The Coutier" was well read because it explaned and described what were the proper "ideals" for both "men" and "women" to have and follow during the renaissance |
| What was the significance of Leon Battista Alberti ? | during the Renaissance Period, he wrote about himself which describes the perfect "Renaissance man" of the period |
| What was the significance of Isabella d'Este ? | during the Renaissance Period, she illustrated the "ideals" of the "Renaissance women" |
| Who was the renaissance woman Caterina Sforza ? | Cateria Sforza, a Renaissance woman, ruled the city-state of Milian, in norther Italy, from 1488-1500, and went even further than the norm for Renaissance women in that she achieved real political power |
| During the 1400's or 15th century, in which northern Italian "city-state", did the "Renaissance Period" really flower ? | The city-state of Florence which had what was referred to as its "golden age" |
| The "golden age" of Florence, was named after what ? | it was named after the "golden florin" one of the city's coins |
| What were the "guilds" of the "city-state" of Florence ? | the "guilds" were organizations of merchants in a particular trade whose design was allow merchants to band together and to help train others in the craft - there were 21 guilds in Florence and they were was not easy to become a member of one of those guilds |
| During Florences early period, what can one say about its "polical climate" ? | during its early period. one can say that eventhough the wealthy merchants had most of the power, it was democratic in nature because even the lower economic groups in the city-state could address powerful merchants by their first name and would be listened to |
| Who was Cosimo de Medici ? | Cosimo de Medici was a very wealth merchant in Florence and took control of the government in 1434, by controling the city council, and ruled like a dictator |
| What happened in Florence after the death of Cosimo de Medici in 1464 ? | after the death of Cosimo de Meedici in 1464, his family continued to rule the "city-state" of Florence until the death of of his grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificient in 1492 |
| What did the "Medicci Family" attempt to do the the city state of Florence during their rule of the 1400's or 15th century ? | the "Medicci Family" attempted to do the following for Florence: 1) brided politicians and the people in order to stay in power; and 2) they attempted to "beautify the Florence" |
| What is Lorenzo Ghiberti known for ? | in 1401, contructed and built the gleaming metal doors of the Baptisty of the local cathedral in Florence - it too k 50 years to complete and is considered a master-piece |
| What did Brunelleschi accomplish in Florence ? | in 1420, Brunelleschi built the great dome on the Cathedral of Florence which at the time was the highest ever built |
| What did Donatello contributed to scupturing in Florence ? | Donatello, who lived from 1386-1466, studied the scupturing of the classical period (ancient Greece and Rome) and brought back to Florence scupturing figures that are life-like, large, some on horseback, and some in the nude |
| What was the contribution of Masaccio to painting in Florence ? | Massaccio, in 1425, painted a fresco called "The Healing of the Cripple and the Resurrection of Tabitha" which used for the first time "perspective" in painting - "perspective" is a painting technique developed by Brunekkeschi that "gave objects the appearance of distance" |
| Who were the considered the "four geniuses" during the "golden age" (1400's or 15th century) of Florence ? | during the "golden age" (1400's or 15th century" of Florence were the following: 1) Ghilberti (the great metal doors of Florence's Baptistry); 2) Brunelleschi (the great dome of the Cathedral of Florence); 3) Donatello (great sculptor of large "real-to-life" figures often nude); and, 4) Masacccio (added the technique of "perspective" to painting) |
| What happened to Florence after the death of Lorenzo the Magnificent in 1492 ? | two(2) years after the death of Lorenzo the Magnificent, the ruler of Florence, the city of Florence, in 1494, was attacked by the French King Charles VIII whose army was on the way to attack the Italian city of Naples to the southwest - Florence surrendered with a fight |
| Who was Piero de Medici of Florence ? | Piero de Medicci was the son of Lorenzo the Magnificant and the grandson of Cosmo de Medici who came to power in Florence after the death of his father - two(2) year later, in 1492, he surrended Florence to a French army without a fight - the citizens of Florence were so upset with him that they stormed the "Medicci Palace" and drove Piero de Medicci out of power and into exile |
| What two northern European countries caused the city-states of northern Italy problems duirng the 1500's or 16th century ? | they were France, under King Charles VIII, and Spain, under King Ferdinand of Aragon, who fought each other over control of certain city-states in northern Italy |
| Who wrote the book "The Prince" ? | "The Prince" was written by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 |
| In Machiavelli's book "The Prince", what did he inform the leaders of the northern Italian city-states ? | Machiavelli warned the leaders of the northern Italian city-states that power can be kept by their leaders by using "diplomacy" both at home and aboard - "diplomacy" is the "art of making agreements and settling differences by officials to establish and maintain power and the peace" |
| How did Machiavelli describe the art of "diplomacy" in his book "The Prince" ? | Machiavelli said that "diplomacy" between nations, particularily during the 1500's or 16th century, when the northern Italian city-states had to do a "dancing act" between France and Spain to protect themselves, could involve acts that are morally incorrect because he felt in politics the "end justified the means" and the end here meant "peace and maintaining power" |
| The period of the 1500's or 16th century, was know as what ? | the period of the 1500's or 16th century was known as the period of the "High Renaissance" |
| After the Pope returned to live in Rome from Avignon in 1420, what happened ? | after the Pope returned to Rome to live, the popes became the leading patrons of the arts and wanted Rome to become the "artistic capital of Europe" |
| Who was Pope Martin V ? | Pope Martin V was the first pope in 1492 to return to Rome to live from Avignon, France - he began what is called the line of "Renaissance popes" |
| Who was Pope Julius II ? | Pope Julius II was pope from 1503-1513 and he loved the arts and power - he wanted Rome to be the center of art and power in Europe and decided to tear down the old St. Peter's Basilica and build a magnificent new one - he hired many of the great and young craftsmen of his day to assist in the taks of rebuilding the Basilica |
| What was Michelangelo's contributions duirng his life-time from 1475-1564 ? | the following were some of Michelangelo's lifetime accomplishments: 1) his sculpture of the "Pieta" a true to size statue of the Virgin Mary and Jesus from the Cross"; 2) The 16 foot statue of the life-like "David" which showed man nude and expressed the Renaissance's belief in "human dignity and greatness"; 3) the large statue of "Moses" known for its detail; 4) in 1508, at the request of Pope Julius II, the painting of the ceiloing of the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican (on his back) where he painted a elaborate painting of the creation - life - and the final judgement; 5) in 1534, the painting of the altarpiece once again in the Sistine chapel with a painting called "The Last Supper" - which for the first time showed Jesus with his disciples at The Last Judgement with Jesus and his disciples sitting in judgement of mankind as they entered into heaven; 6) the building of the great and highest dome of its time on the new St. Peter's Cathedral at the Vatican in Rome (he did not live long enought to see it finished though) |
| What is the "papacy" ? | the "papacy" is what the pope and his advisers are called |
| What is the "Vatican" ? | the "Vatican" is the official headquarters and residence of the pope in Rome |
| What is the significance of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican ? | in the Sistine Chapel the cardinals of the Church elect the pope |
| What were some of the accomplishments of Leonardo da Vinci during his lifetime from from 1452-15? | some of the accomplishments of Leonardo da Vinci during his lifetime, 1452-15, were the following: 1) his experimentation with bicycles, hydraulics, masonry, flying machines, weapons, and many others; 2) the invention of a machine to make "screws"; and, 3) his two(2) great painting which were "the fresco of 'The Last Supper' on a wall at a monastery in Milian" which took the emphasis off Judas, who betrayed Jesus, for the first time and focused on all the disciples and "The Mona Lisa" of a Florentine women which gave personality to the women on canvas and who some call "the firstg distinctly psychological portrait of the Renaissance - each of these paintings showed the character to be lifelike and real |
| Where Leonardo da Vinci's scientific observations and experiments widely recognized during his lifetime ? | no, Leonardo da Vinci's scientific observations and experiments were not widely recognized during his lifetime - in fact, only a pope's brother did take notice of them - yet his paintings and artistic talents when largely noticed during his lifetime |
| Who was Rafael and what were some of his accomplishments ? | Rafael was a young artist who in 1508 painted the walls of Pope Julius II private library - he included both for the first time both religious and classical themes (from ancient Greece and Rome) on the walls of the pope's private library (one of the walls was called "The School of Athens") another wall showed music and poetry scences from Dante and Homer - Rafael studied Michelangelo's style because at the time he was painting the walls of the pope's private library Michelangelo was painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel |
| Why was Raphael admired most and what did it gain him ? | Raphael was admired because of his pleasant personality and easy of temper - Pope Leo X, the successor to Pope Julius II, named Raphael is favorite painter - Raphael in kind painted many famous madonnas (paintings of the Virgin Mary) and flattering portraits of his patrons - lived lived from 1483-1520 and at his death the papacy was saddened |
| During the 1500's or 16th century, who were the three(3) artist who contributed to the brillance of the "High Renaissance" ? | during the 1500's or 16th century, the three(3) artist who contributed to the brillance of the "High Renaissance" were the following: 1) Leonardo da Vinci; 2) Raphael Santi; and, 3) Michaelangelo Buonarroti |
| What was the significance of Albrecht Duer ? | Albrecht Duer, like other northern European students to visit Rome and the other northern Italian city-states, brought back the ideas of the "Italian Renaissance to there home northern European countriesduring the 1500's or 16th century |
| How did the Italian Renaissance spread to France ? | the "Italian Renaissance" spread to France through its "Royal Court (those who surrounded the king of France) who had traveled to or studied the culture of the northern Italian city-states |
| How did the "Italian Renaissance" spread to Germany ? | the "Italian Renaissance" spread to Germany bu Albrecht Duer, an artist, who visited northern Italy and used "realism" in his paintings which was a trade-mark of the "Italian Renaissance" |
| What is considered the Flanders of Northern Europe ? | the region called the "Flanders" of northwest Europe is conprised of the countries today of northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands (Holland) |
| How did the "Italian Renaissance" spread to the Flander's region of Northern Europe ? | the "Italian Renaissance" spread to the Flanders' region of northern Europe though is good ports and their trade with the merchants from the northern Italian city-states - Flanders patroned the arts so much that Flanders became known as "the artistic center of norther Europe during the 1500's or 16th century |
| Who was Jan van Eyck ? | Jan van Eyck was born in the Flanders' region of northern Europe and was a painter who used "new oil-based paints that enabled him to create a variety of subtle colors in clothing and jewels - making his realism even more real and detailed - he also used color to help with "perspective" - he lived during the 1300's or 14th century |
| Who was Pieter Bruegel the Elder ? | Peiter Brugel the Elder was a painter from Flanders in northern Europe who captured everyday scences such as weddings, dances, harvests, and the changing seasons in his paintings - his period was known as the high point in the "Flanders' Renaissance" - he did his main work aroung 1550 |
| How and when did the "Renaissance Period" end in Europe ? | the "Renaissance Period" came to a gradual end in Europe during the 1600's or 17th century when "new ideas and artistic styles appeared" |
| What was a major contribution that the "Renaissance" in Europe left behind ? | the European "Renaissance" with its belief in the worth and dignity of the individual played a key role in the rise of "democratic" ideas later on in history |
