| A | B |
|---|
| Where does all energy come from? | The sun |
| Energy | Is the capacity to do work which comes from the breaking of bons and rearranging them to form new, and sometimes very different, products during a chemical reaction |
| Exothermic | Combustion is an example of an exothermic process. It is an exothermic chemical reaction (give out heat to the surroundings). eg: burning of coal |
| Endothermic | Photosynthesis is an example of endothermic chemical reaction. In this process, plants use the energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen |
| What do certain cell processes require? to do what? | Require energy to maintain homeostasis; ex: active transport, facilitated diffusion, cell division, cilia and flagella, enzymes, production and storage of proteins |
| What cell organelle supplies the energy for the cells? | The mitochondria |
| Where is energy in our food stored? | Within the bonds between atoms. Especially glucose, the major energy storage molecule. Glucose stores a good amount of energy |
| 1st type of glucose | It can be burned though cellular respiration to make energy |
| 2nd type of glucose | It can be strung together to make carbohydrates like starch for long term energy storage (or become other structures like cellulose in plants) |
| How is the energy from our food released? | Bonds between the atoms are broken, releasing energy=CELL RESPIRATION |
| What does ATP stand for? | Adenosine Triphophate |
| Bonds-ATP | The covalent bonds that unite the phosphate units in ATP are high-energy bonds. This is wehre the energy is stored. When an ATP molecule is broken down by an enzyme, the third (terminal) phosphate unit is released as a phosphate group or ion. When this happens, approzimately 7.3 kilocalories of energy are realeased. (A kilocalorie equals 1.000 calories) This energy is made available to do the work of the cell |
| ATP (tri) | Has 3 phosphate groups; high amount of energy |
| ADP (Di) | 2 phospate groups; medium amount of energy |
| AMP (Mono) | 3 phosphate groups; low amount of energy |
| How many more times the amount of energy can a molecule of sugar store versus a molecule of ATP? | 90 |
| What enzyme recharges ADP back into ATP? | ATP synthease-happens in mitochondria-adds phosphorus |
| This sstem of ATP/ADP recycling is good because... | Relieves the cell of having to store all the ATP it needs; ADP can be used as a resource for cell activities that do not require as much energy (as ATP would provide) so it is cost efficient |
| Blood sugar and diabetes | The blood glucose level is the amount of glucose in the blood |
| Glucose | A sugar that comes from the foods we eat, and it's also formed and stored inside the body; it's the main source of energy for the cells of our body, and it's carried to each cell through the bloodstream |
| How are blood glucose levels regulated? | Regulated by the pancreas and the liver to maintain the delicate balance in teh body |
| what happens whn you are hypoglycemic? | Too little of blood sugar |
| What happens when you are hyperglycemic | Too much of blood sugar |
| What is the balance of blood sugar called? | Homeostasis |
| Where does our energy come from? | Know that the source of all energy comes from the sun; must rely on plants via a process called photosynthesis |
| How can we obtain our energy directly? | By directly eating the plant |
| How can we obtain our energy indirectly? | By eating other animals who get their energy from eating plants |
| Is this energy exothermic or endothermic? | Endothermic |
| Photo | Light |
| Synthesis | Putting together |
| Photosynthesis | The process that plants use to trap the sun's energy and build carbohydrates (called glucose) that store energy |
| 2 phases-light | (light dependent) reaction creates ATP, releases Oxygen |
| 2 phases-dark | (light independent) reaction uses those ATP molecules (from the 1st rxn) to make glucose |
| In which organ does photosynthesis take place? | Leaf |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | The top of the leaf is where photosynthesis occurs; the chloroplast is the cell organelle where it occurs |
| Chloroplasts | Cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs; in the chloroplasts are pigments that absorb wavelenths of light |
| Sunlight | Made up of all the colors together |
| Pigments/absorb | Reflect the color of light that we see/absorb the other colors |
| Chlorophyll | The pigment that captures sunlight and what gives plants their green color. In order for chlorophyll to be produced, sunlight is needed |
| Year round-pigments | Year round, many different color pigments are present, but |
| 1st stage of photosynthesis | requires light (light-dependent) |
| Light and electrons | Light energizes electrons and are passed from the chlorophyll to the electron transport chain |
| Photolysis | The process in which electrons come from splitting molecules of water; each water molecule supplies a half molecule of oxygen gas + 2 hydrogen ions + 2 electrons |
| ETC | Series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast; as the electron passes on the chain between chlorophyll molecules, it loses a bit of energy at each protein. After the electron has passes through the first chain, it enters a second electron transport chain so any e-(light) energy isn't wasted |
| NADP | A carrier molecule which is used (with an electron it binds with a Hydrogen ion and becomes NADPH) Binds to the electron and stores the energy from the electron in a chemical form; plays a role in the formation of carbohydrates |
| summary of light dependent and light reactant | Converts ADP and NADP+ into ATP and NADPH wiht Oxygen gas |
| What happens to plants when there is no sunlight? | Chlorophyll is "turned off". Plants produce lots of glucose=enough to last them through the night and several cloudy days. However, plants cannot store excess glucose |
| What do plants do when there is no sunlight with the excess glucose? | Plants convert the excess glucose to starch |
| Starches | Long term energy storage molecules and make the cellular components of plants (cellulose) |
| What happens when plants need glucose for energy? | The plants convert the starch back to glucose |
| 2nd stage of photosynthesis | requires no light (light-independent) |
| 2nd stage called | called the calvin cycle; uses Carbon Dioxide to form 6 carbon sugars (carbohydrates) |
| Where does the 2nd stage take place? | Take place in the stroma of the chloroplast |
| Photosynthesis-cycle | Called a cycle because the end products can be used again to initiate the process. Uses the NADPH and ATP produced in the earlier light reactions. Otherwise it could not occur! |
| Why photosynthesis? | The Calvin cycle removes Carbon Dioxide from the Earth's atmosphere and creates sugars. Plants can use those sugars for food or to make larger molecules like cellulose for growth and development. When we eat plants (or herbivores) eat plants, we use the energy stored in the carbohydrates. A byproduct of our breathing is Carbon Dioxide, which is used by plants for photosynthesis. It is also a greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. Without plants to harvest the sun's energy, there would be no life for animals on Earth! |
| Where does the mass of a tree come from? | Comes from the carbon from the atmospheric carbon dioxide |
