| A | B |
|---|
| Erosion | The process by which water, ice, wind, or gravity moves fragments of rock and soil. |
| Deposition | The process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind that is carrying it, and is deposited in a new location. |
| Sediment | Small, solid particles of material from rocks or organisms which are moved by gravity, water, ice, or wind, resulting in deposition. |
| Mass movement | Any one of several processes by which gravity moves sediment down hill. |
| Runoff | Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground. |
| Rill | A tiny groove made in soil by flowing water. |
| Gully | A large channel in soil formed by erosion |
| Stream | A channel through which water is continually flowing downhill. |
| River | A large stream. |
| Tributary | A stream that flows into a larger stream. |
| Drainage basin | The land area from which a river and its tributaries collect their water |
| Divide | A ridge of land that separates one drainage basin from another |
| Flood plain | A broad, flat valley through which a river flows. |
| Meander | A looping curve formed in a river as it winds itself through its flood plain. |
| Oxbow lake | The crescent-shaped, cutoff body of water that remains after a river carves a new channel. |
| Alluvial fan | A wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range. |
| Delta | A landform made of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake. |
| Groundwater | Water that fills the cracks and pores in underground soil and rock layers. |
| Stalactite | A calcite deposit that hangs from the roof of a cave. |
| Stalagmite | A cone-shaped calcite deposit that builds up from the floor of a cave. |
| Karst topography | A type of landscape in rainy regions where limestone is near the surface, characterized by caverns, sinkholes, valleys, and caves. |
| Energy | The ability to do work or cause change. |
| Potential energy | A wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by low silica, quiet eruptions. |
| Kinetic energy | The form of energy an object has because of its motion. |
| Abrasion | The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind. |
| Load | The amount of sediment that a river or stream carries |
| Friction | The force that opposes the motion of one surface as it moves across another surface. |
| Turbulence | A type of movement of water in which, rather than moving downstream, the water moves every which way. |
| Glacier | A huge mass of ice and slow that moves slowly over land. |
| Valley glacier | A long, narrow glacier that forms when the snow and ice build up in a mountain valley. |
| Continental glacier | A glacier that covers much of a continent or large island. |
| Ice age | Cold time periods in Earth’s history, during which glaciers covered large parts of the surface. |
| plucking | The process by which a glacier picks up rocks as it flows across land. |
| till | The sediments deposited directly by a glacier. |
| kettle | A wide, gently sloping mountain made of layers of lava and formed by low silica, quiet eruptions. |
| beach | Wave-washed and deposited sediment along a coast. |
| Longshore drift | The movement of sediment and water along a beach caused by waves coming into shore at an angle. |
| spit | A beach formed by longshore drift that projects like a finger out into the water. |
| Sand dune | A deposit of wind-blown sand. |
| deflation | Wind erosion that removes surface materials. |
| loess | A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt. |
